• Section I: Culture
    • Culture
    • Religion
    • History and Communication
  • Section II: Identity
    • Ethnicities & Identities
    • Gender Identity
  • Section III: Communication Style
    • Language: respect, direct/indirect, disclosure, explicit/implicit, literal/symbolic
    • Language: taboos, what not questioned, veracity, humor
    • Communication Rituals
  • Section IV: Communication Symbolism
    • Nonverbal Communication>
      • Why is Nonverbal Communication Important?
      • High and Low Context Cultures
      • Types of Nonverbal Cues
      • Understanding Cross-Cultural Nonverbal Communication
      • References
    • Cultural Spaces>
      • What is Cultural Space?
      • Territory, Power, and the Workplace
      • Response to Spatial Differences
      • Cultural Space and Gender
      • My Experience-Space
      • Cultural Space and Personal Space
    • Popular Culture>
      • Music
      • Television
      • Pop Culture Favorites From Effat University Students
  • Section V: Cultural Dimensions
    • Individualism-Collectivism
    • Uncertainty Avoidance Tolerance
    • Indulgence vs. Restraint>
      • Differences
      • Countries
      • SAUDIA ARABIA v. UNITED STATES
    • Power Distance
    • Long-term Orientation
  • Section VI: Relationships
    • Role of Family & Communication>
      • Family Culture and Family Structure
      • Family Collectivism
      • Strengths of the Saudi Arabian Family
    • Friendships>
      • What is Friendship?
      • Friendship in Saudi Arabia
      • 21st Century Friendship
  • Section VII: Challenges & Opportunities for Cross-Cultural Connection
    • Conflict
    • Social Media
    • Cultural Distance, Psychic Distance & Cultural Adaptation

HOFSTEDE'S SIXTH DIMENSION
By Katie Krause

INDULGENCE vs. RESTRAINT

Hofstede's most recent dimension, indulgence versus restraint, was added in 2010. This dimension was added because it focuses on aspects that are not covered by the other dimensions, which is happiness. (Gofstede, G).

WHAT IS IT?

INDULGENCE:  "Stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun" (Dimensions).

RESTRAINT:  "Stands for a society that supresses gratification of needs and regulates it by mean of strict social norms" (Dimensions).
The following video is a short clip of Hofstede explaining Indulgence v. Restraint
Dimensions - Geert Hofstede. (n.d.). Professor Emeritus - Geert Hofstede. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html

Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context.  Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2.
Retrieved from http://schoolworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8

Hofstede - example of the 6th dimension - YouTube. (n.d.). YouTube. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVbkjobD8ao&lr=1&feature=mhsn



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